低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)鑄造(zao)(zao)技術自誕生以來，憑借著獨樹(shu)旗幟的(de)特點，在各行業快讀發展。我們市(shi)面(mian)上看到鋁合金(jin)成(cheng)型(xing)產品(pin)都是低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)鑄造(zao)(zao)而(er)成(cheng)。鑄造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)型(xing)的(de)產品(pin)具有(you)較高的(de)質量，復雜的(de)工(gong)藝造(zao)(zao)型(xing)的(de)特點。今(jin)天我就跟在座讀者(zhe)聊聊有(you)關低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)鑄造(zao)(zao)的(de)一些知識 。

想要了(le)解(jie)低(di)(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造機技術，就要先知道(dao)它的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)理和(he)(he)工藝(yi)特點；低(di)(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造是通過(guo)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力擠壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)下，流體在(zai)模具里(li)完成(cheng)充型(xing)(xing)(xing)及(ji)凝固而獲得鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)。除(chu)了(le)低(di)(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)工藝(yi)外，還(huan)有(you)(you)重力鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造和(he)(he)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造方法，低(di)(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造法是介意上面(mian)兩者之間，不(bu)管是壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力還(huan)是工藝(yi)流程都有(you)(you)些不(bu)一(yi)樣。使用(yong)(yong)這種工藝(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)品具有(you)(you)較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)機械(xie)韌(ren)性，特別適合(he)(he)澆注一(yi)些具復雜面(mian)壁(bi)結構物體，比(bi)如鋁合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)制品，澆鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)而成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鋁合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)部件(jian)(jian)，造型(xing)(xing)(xing)多變，重量輕，部件(jian)(jian)組(zu)合(he)(he)靈(ling)活，廣泛(fan)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)在(zai)我們(men)日常(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)活中。現今，鋁合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)低(di)(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造工業幾乎已(yi)(yi)成(cheng)為鋁合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造中的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)項(xiang)比(bi)不(bu)可少(shao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工藝(yi)。低(di)(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)理其實很簡單，幾句話就可以說(shuo)明(ming)白。我們(men)就以鋁合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)為例子(zi)，就是在(zai)一(yi)個密封的(de)(de)(de)(de)容器(qi)(qi)里(li)，先注入干燥的(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)縮空氣，鋁液(ye)(ye)在(zai)氣壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)下由(you)進升(sheng)液(ye)(ye)管道(dao)上升(sheng)到鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)型(xing)(xing)(xing)容器(qi)(qi)內(nei)，鋁液(ye)(ye)在(zai)氣體壓(ya)(ya)(ya)強力的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)下保持鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)腔造，待其完成(cheng)凝固后(hou)，然后(hou)解(jie)除(chu)液(ye)(ye)面(mian)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)  壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力，剩(sheng)余的(de)(de)(de)(de)鋁液(ye)(ye)回到坩(gan)堝中，已(yi)(yi)凝固的(de)(de)(de)(de)鋁液(ye)(ye)便在(zai)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)內(nei)形成(cheng)所需(xu)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)。由(you)于所需(xu)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力低(di)(di)，所以稱(cheng)之為低(di)(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造。

低壓(ya)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造過(guo)程中，由于填(tian)充(chong)氣體(ti)的參與，在(zai)壓(ya)強作(zuo)用(yong)下(xia)，能保持流體(ti)充(chong)型(xing)平穩(wen)，獲(huo)得(de)輪廓(kuo)清晰的鑄(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)。充(chong)型(xing)速度可按鑄(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)結(jie)構、鑄(zhu)(zhu)型(xing)材料等因素進(jin)行控制，避免鋁(lv)液  流對型(xing)腔和(he)型(xing)芯沖刷和(he)卷氣。低壓(ya)鑄(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)成型(xing)的產品，機(ji)械性能比(bi)較好。相較于壓(ya)力鑄(zhu)(zhu)造，低壓(ya)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造工藝結(jie)構相對簡單、可靠(kao)，資金投入少(shao)，成品率高，經過(guo)設(she)計改進(jin)，易實(shi)現機(ji)械化、自(zi)動化，適(shi)合放(fang)大大范(fan)圍普及推廣。

結構工藝設計特點：

我們(men)還是(shi)(shi)以鋁(lv)合金(jin)材(cai)質(zhi)做例子。壓鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造機技術鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造時鋁(lv)液(ye)(ye)(ye)自上而(er)(er)下(xia)凝(ning)固，故鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)補(bu)縮(suo)(suo)應自下(xia)而(er)(er)上，最后通(tong)過澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)道(dao)實現。因(yin)此(ci)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)在鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)中位置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安排(pai)、加(jia)工余量(liang)和工藝余量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)確定、冷(leng)(leng)(leng)鐵(tie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)放置(zhi)及 加(jia)熱(re)(re)棒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)等本(ben)原理圖(tu)坩堝；升液(ye)(ye)(ye)管(guan)；鋁(lv)液(ye)(ye)(ye)；進氣(qi)管(guan)；密封(feng)(feng)蓋(gai)；澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)口(kou)(kou)；型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)腔(qiang)；鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)  —應確保(bao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)以澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)口(kou)(kou)為(wei)中心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自上而(er)(er)下(xia)，由遠而(er)(er)近(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)順(shun)(shun)序凝(ning)固。澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)口(kou)(kou)一(yi)般開在鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)壁(bi)(bi)厚(hou)(hou)處(chu)和熱(re)(re)節部。對于(yu)壁(bi)(bi)厚(hou)(hou)較(jiao)(jiao)均(jun)(jun)(jun)勻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)，采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工余量(liang)或工藝補(bu)貼量(liang)，使鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壁(bi)(bi)  厚(hou)(hou)沿上、下(xia)方向均(jun)(jun)(jun)勻增(zeng)加(jia)。  對于(yu)壁(bi)(bi)厚(hou)(hou)不(bu)均(jun)(jun)(jun)、結(jie)構復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)，若(ruo)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)砂型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，則利用(yong)(yong)(yong)放置(zhi)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)鐵(tie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法來 控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)凝(ning)固順(shun)(shun)序；若(ruo)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)金(jin)屬(shu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)厚(hou)(hou)度、保(bao)溫(wen)棉、加(jia)電熱(re)(re)  棒等辦法來控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)、調整鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)速度。 對一(yi)些鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)節部位，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)通(tong)入壓縮(suo)(suo)空氣(qi)或冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)水的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法來控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)該 部位鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)。對面積較(jiao)(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)厚(hou)(hou)壁(bi)(bi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)，或厚(hou)(hou)薄較(jiao)(jiao)均(jun)(jun)(jun)勻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)薄壁(bi)(bi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)件(jian)(jian)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)多道(dao)內澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)道(dao)為(wei)防止管(guan)口(kou)(kou)凝(ning)結(jie)，升液(ye)(ye)(ye)管(guan)端可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)設置(zhi)加(jia)熱(re)(re)裝置(zhi)。鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)排(pai)氣(qi)  因(yin)低壓鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)上部常(chang)是(shi)(shi)封(feng)(feng)閉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，不(bu)易排(pai)氣(qi)，當鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)排(pai)氣(qi)能(neng)力(li)(li)不(bu)足時，型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)腔(qiang)內就(jiu)形成(cheng)反壓力(li)(li)，阻礙鋁(lv)液(ye)(ye)(ye)平(ping)穩充型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，容易造成(cheng)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)不(bu)足或包氣(qi)等缺陷。對砂型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)常(chang)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)透氣(qi)性較(jiao)(jiao)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)砂；另可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)在砂型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)頂(ding)部，距型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)腔(qiang)表面，處(chu)扎一(yi)定數(shu)量(liang)不(bu)透的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)孔排(pai)氣(qi)。   對金(jin)屬(shu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)在分型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)面和頂(ding)端開設排(pai)氣(qi)槽，或在型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)壁(bi)(bi)上安置(zhi)排(pai)氣(qi)塞，排(pai)氣(qi)槽，深度應控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)在。另外可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)頂(ding)桿等進行排(pai)氣(qi)。